Discovery Channel - Miracle Planet - Large Asteroid Impact Simulation
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Originally, Ceres was classified as an asteroid when it was discovered in 1801 but it was upgraded to dwarf planet status in 2006. With a mean diameter of 587.82 miles (946 km), it is larger than some of the moons in the solar system, and makes up about a quarter of the asteroid belt's entire mass.
Mercury, meanwhile, is the smallest planet in our solar system and is about 4.6 times more massive than the Moon. This would put the mass of Vesta at just 0.0079% the mass of the Solar System's smallest planet. And Vesta is especially large; if you combined the mass of the asteroid belt, it would still only be about 4% of the mass of the Moon.
When Herschel was writing up his observations of Ceres and the large asteroid Pallas, he searched for a word to describe them, since they were not planets, moons, comets, or stars, but rather something entirely new. He asked his close friend Charles Burney Sr. for help.
Ok, so let's game out what would happen if the largest asteroid in the solar system hit Earth. For our purposes, we're going to go with Vesta, since the consequences of a Vesta impact are so apocalyptic that a Ceres impact is pretty much like taking the square of Hell on Earth, making it really just a difference in scale, not a difference of kind.
The impact ejected so much material into the atmosphere that the resulting dust in the atmosphere killed off the plants that most species depended on for survival, and when they died off, the carnivores who ate the plant-eaters died off too. It took years for the skies to clear, and when they finally did, the entire food chain had been upended and large parts of the planet were essentially a lifeless husk.
Spock shows a simulation indicating that the comet will impact the surface of the nearby planet, Persephone III, in two days, leaving no survivors. The planet is class M and inhabited by a pre-warp civilization called the Deleb. As the Deleb are not technologically advanced enough to move it themselves, Spock proposes using four ion engines to divert the comet's path and account for its rotation. La'an suggests using photon torpedoes as launch vehicles, which would take about an hour to retrofit, which Hemmer in turn calls a \"rosy assessment\" as he would be the one doing the work. Pike orders them to get it done, as they had a planet to save before breakfast. \"I love this job,\" he adds sotto voce to Una. But as the torpedoes are deployed, they impact against a force field, leaving Pike wondering how a comet would put one up.
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[Each underlined column title is a link to that column; click on thetitle to go there.] 2023 Columns The Alternate View Column Title Subject of Column Analog Issue Column Code Pulsars Ride Neutrino Rockets Pulsars are known to have unusually high velocities. Astrophysicists have now explained this velocity boost as arising from a \"neutrino rocket\" effect, in which condensed neutrons form high-spin super-fluid vortices within the neutron star, emitting neutrinos and antineutrinos along the spin axis by weak-interaction cyclotron motion. 01-02/23 AltVw222 Quantum Entanglement Disentangled The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for EPR experiments demonstrating quantum entanglement. Entanglement is explained as a property of quantum mechanics that is required to preserve conservation laws in the presence of the uncertainty principle. Bell's inequalities and EPR experiments that use entangled photon pairs to demonstrate the presence of entanglement and nonlocality are considered in detail. 03-04/23 AltVw223 ToBeWritten 05-06/23 AltVw224 ToBeWritten 07-08/23 AltVw225 ToBeWritten 09-10/23 AltVw226 ToBeWritten 11-12/23 AltVw227 2022 Columns The Alternate View Column Title Subject of Column Analog Issue Column Code Fermionic Transversable Wormholes A theoretical investigation shows that by using fermionic matter rather than bosonic matter to form a wormhole and by threading electric flux through it, the quantum effects of half integer spin stabilize the system without the need for exotic negative-mass matter. This raises the possibility that such wormholes might have been produced in the early stages of the Big Bang, may exist today, and should be searched for. 01-02/22 AltVw216 You Can't Believe Those Lyin' AIs One of the most advanced deep-learning artificial intelligence systems currently available, GPT-3, has been tested for veracity when asked questions on a variety of subjects. It was found that GPT-3 often lies, making things up instead of giving reliable answers. Let users of artificial intelligence beware. 03-04/22 AltVw217 Life, RNA, and Asteroids A precursor to the appearance of primordial life on cooling Planet Earth is self-replicating RNA molecules. There is now some evidence that the needed RNA was produced on planetesimals, driven by the heat from radioactive decays, as the Solar System was forming. 05-06/22 AltVw218 Advanced Waves Detected There is fairly good evidence that advanced radio waves (waves carrying negative energy and going backwards in time) have been detected in a setup in which about 1-meter-wavelength radio waves are beamed in a direction is space in which there is little absorption. If valid, this would be a confirmation of a prediction of Wheeler-Feynman electrodynamics. 07-08/22 AltVw219 Afshar-2: Does Einstein's Bubble Pop Shahriar Afshar has performed a paradigm-breaking experiment that tests whether the quantum wave function disappears after the particle it describes is detected. The Heisenberg knowledge interpretation predicts that the \"dark waves\" do disappear, and the transactional interpretation predicts that they do not. Data now being collected appears to falsify the Heisenberg prediction. 09-10/22 AltVw220 Gravitational Focusing and Alien Networks When the Sun acts as a gravitational lens, light and radio signals along the focal line are amplified by a factor of 1,000,000 or more. SETI researchers have argued that of intelligent aliens had established a galaxy-wide communications network, they would place relays on the gravitational focal line of nearby stars. 11-12/22 AltVw221 2021 Columns The Alternate View Column Title Subject of Column Analog Issue Column Code Wave Function Collapse Revealed In quantum mechanics, the abrupt change in the quantum wave function when a measurement is made, called wave function collapse, has been a mysterious process that has had to be put into the theory \"by hand\". This column reports on work by the author in which the underlying mechanism behind wave function collapse is revealed to be a \"handshake\" between advanced and retarded wave functions, as suggested by the author's transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics. This work has implications for placing Schrödinger's wave mechanics on a firmer basis by providing a basis for quantum nonlocality and permitting it to correctly predict the outcomes of EPR experiments and for providing a more physical alternative to QED and QFT. 01-02/21 AltVw210 Rejuvenation and the DNA Methylation Clock Cell biologists now understand that the mechanisms behind cell specialization and cell aging are epigenetic programming, at least partially implemented by the attachment of methyl (CH3) radicals to DNA to silence unwanted genes. A Methylation Clock has been discovered that can accurately predict the ages of humans and animals, based on how their DNA is methylated. Now, several methods of accomplishing epigenetic reprogramming by resetting the DNA methylation pattern to a younger profile have been developed. It appears that such reprogramming has the effect of rejuvenating the subjects. 03-04/21 AltVw211 Intelligent Life in Our Galaxy We know that intelligent life evolved on Earth, but it is an open question whether complex intelligent life has evolved elsewhere in out galaxy and with what probability. We discuss and criticize a recent Monte Carlo simulation of life evolving in our galaxy, which suggests that the evolution of intelligent life is fairly common and may have occurred fairly early in a zone closer to the galactic center. 05-06/21 AltVw212 Pulsars, Super-Massive Black Holes, and the Gravitational Wave Background Ultra-precise measurements of pulsar timing by the NANOGrav Collaboration are very close to providing a direct measurement of the gravitational wave background that would have been created in the hypothetical \"inflation\" period immediately after the Big Bang. The measurements are also sensitive to gravitational radiation from ultra-massive black holes inaccessible to LIGO, and they are able to set upper limits. 07-08/21 AltVw213 Muon Flaws in the Standard Model Two new results, both involving the mu lepton, suggest inconsistencies with the Standard Model of Particle Physics. In particular, the decay of the B meson into lepton pairs, as observed by the LHC-b detector shows about 15% fewer decays into the muon channel than into the electron channel, at the level of of 3.1 standard deviations. Further, the g-2 experiment at Fermilab shows a disagreement between theory and experiment of 4.2 standard deviations. Neither of these results is at the 5 standard deviations required for a real \"effect\", but they are very close