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The Napster system was considered to be a central node in the early Internet, being a leader in terms of website traffic and bandwidth. (In November 2000 Napster ranked as the first most trafficked Website in North America, receiving 36.2% of the total Internet traffic, and 50.8% of the total Internet bandwidth of any single website, about equaling the total Internet bandwidth of four broadcast television networks).[38]
2001 saw the development of peer-to-peer file sharing that is now widely known as.torrent files. While the.torrent file format was introduced prior to file sharing, it only gained prominence with the launch of the Kazaa software and a number of ad-supported BitTorrent client programs. Several P2P clients began to support the.torrent file format and a win32 torrent client was released in March 2001.[51] The first Linux torrent client was released in September 2001 by Gael van Bohemen and Andi Kleen.[52]
In December 2001, The Pirate Bay delivered the first large-scale trial of a decentralized network through a small number of servers that allowed anonymous web surfing. Piracy Bay maintained two different indexes of all of the files that were available.[46] While the Pirate Bay index was up, the more popular Usenet index from the AllofMP3 service went down due to swarms of users. The Pirate Bay's success in providing the first and perhaps only large-scale decentralized searchable index of indexed torrent files was followed by other services such as The TorrentBox, which was downloaded 10 million times in its first few months.
By the late 2000s, the widespread use of BitTorrent networks made piracy significantly less centralized. By early 2009, the United States Department of Justice had shut down the major BitTorrent sites at the center of organized piracy, and site operators shifted to less centralized platforms such as I2P or The Pirate Bay, and began to collaborate with copyright owners to introduce license schemes (e.g. Music Fan) to limit online access to infringing material.[53] d2c66b5586